Grande-Bretagne (royaume)

; Drapeau	; Armoiries
Devise	Dieu et mon droit (« In My Denfens God Me Defend » utilisé en Écosse)
Hymne	God Save the King/Queen (1780 – 1801, habituellement)
Statut	Monarchie constitutionnelle parlementaire
Capitale	Londres
Langue(s)	Anglais (officielle de facto), cornique, scots, gaélique écossais, norne, gallois
Monnaie	Livre sterling
Population (1801)	10 942 646
Gentilé	Britannique
Superficie (1801)	230 977 km2
1707 – 1714	Anne
1714 – 1727	George Ier
1727 – 1760	George II
1760 – 1801	George III

Le Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne (en anglais : United Kingdom of Great Britain) parfois appelé Grande-Bretagne, est un ancien État souverain situé sur l'île de Grande-Bretagne, en Europe du Nord, qui a existé du 1^er mai 1707 au 1^er janvier 1801.

Le royaume est fondé par l'union en un seul État du royaume d'Écosse et du royaume d'Angleterre (qui comprenait le pays de Galles), par le traité d'Union de 1706 suivi par les actes d'Union. Les deux royaumes étaient déjà gouvernés par le même roi depuis l'Union des Couronnes en 1603. Le royaume englobe la Grande-Bretagne et ses îles périphériques, mais pas le royaume d'Irlande qui est restée un domaine séparé relevant de la Couronne britannique nouvellement créée.

Le 1^er janvier 1801, les royaumes de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande sont unis pour former le Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande.

Nom

L'utilisation du mot Great avant Britain provient de la langue Grec ancien, fut utilisé par Ptolémée, par exemple, pour faire la distinction entre la Grande-Bretagne (grec ancien : Μεγάλη Βρεττανία) et l'Irlande (grec ancien : Μικρά Βρεττανία)^[1]. Plus tard, le nom utilisé aussi pour faire la distinction entre la Grande-Bretagne et la Bretagne^[2].

Le traité d'Union et les actes d'Union qui s'ensuivirent déclarent que les royaumes d'Angleterre et d'Écosse seront « unis en un royaume du nom de Grande-Bretagne » ("United into One Kingdom by the Name of Great Britain"). Les actes d'Union utilisent le nom « Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne » (anglais : United Kingdom of Great Britain)^[3]. Le nom du royaume devint officiellement « Grande-Bretagne » plutôt qu'Angleterre ou Écosse ; les anciennes terres d'Écosse et d'Angleterre sont toutes deux devenues des parties du nouveau royaume-uni^[4]^,^[5]^,^[6]^,^[7]^,^[3].

On retrouve la dénomination « Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne » (United Kingdom of Great Britain) sur plusieurs publications et documents législatif^[8]^,^[9]^,^[10]^,^[11]^,^[12]^,^[13]^,^[14]^,^[15]. Le terme officiel United Kingdom était même utilisé de manière formelle et informelle au XVIII^e siècle^[16]^,^[17]^,^[18]^,^[19]^,^[20].

« Grande-Bretagne » et « royaume de Grande-Bretagne » se disent respectivement dans les langues parlées dans le royaume :

Great Britain et Kingdom of Great Britain en anglais ;
Breten Veur et Rywvaneth Breten Veur en cornique ;
Great Breetain et Kinrick o Great Breetain en scots ;
Breatainn Mhòr et Rìoghachd na Breatainne Mòire en gaélique écossais ;
Prydain Fawr et Teyrnas Prydain Fawr en gallois.

Formation

Contexte

Union des Couronnes

Article détaillé : Union des Couronnes.

Vers un État unique

Territoire

Relations avec l'Irlande

Empire colonial

Article détaillé : Empire britannique.

Institutions

Roi

Article détaillé : Monarchie britannique.

Article connexe : Liste des monarques britanniques.

Parlement

Article détaillé : Parlement de Grande-Bretagne.

Pairie

Article détaillé : Pairie de Grande-Bretagne.

Relations internationales

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Union avec l'Irlande

Article détaillé : Acte d'Union (1800).

Notes et références

Notes

↑ Reine d'Angleterre et d'Écosse de 1702 à 1707.
↑ Roi du Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande de 1801 à sa mort en 1820.

Références

↑ (en) Richard Bradley, « The Offshore Islands », dans The Prehistory of Britain and Ireland, Cambridge University Press, coll. « Cambridge World Archaeology », 2019, 2^e éd. (1^re éd. 2007) (ISBN 978-1-108-41992-5, lire en ligne), p. 1–29
↑ François-Gille-Pierre Manet, Histoire de la petite Bretagne ou Bretagne armorique (1934), p. 74
↑ ^{a et b} Sources :
(en) « The Treaty (act) of the Union of Parliament 1706 », Scots History Online (consulté le 18 juillet 2011) : « That the Succession to the Monarchy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and of the Dominions thereunto belonging after Her Most Sacred Majesty, and in default of Issue of Her Majesty be, remain and continue to the Most Excellent Princess Sophia Electoress and Dutchess Dowager of Hanover, and the Heirs of Her body, being Protestants, ... "That the United Kingdom of Great Britain be Represented by one and the same Parliament, to be stiled the Parliament of Great Britain. »
(en) « Union with England Act 1707 », The national Archives (consulté le 18 juillet 2011)
(en) « Union with Scotland Act 1706 » (consulté le 18 juillet 2011):
Both Acts and the Treaty state in Article I: That the Two Kingdoms of Scotland and England, shall upon 1 May next ensuing the date hereof, and forever after, be United into One Kingdom by the Name of GREAT BRITAIN.
↑ (en) Jørgen Sevaldsen et Jens Rahbek Rasmussen, The State of the Union: Scotland, 1707-2007, Museum Tusculanum Press, 2007 (ISBN 978-87-635-0702-8, lire en ligne) :
« Article one stated that the two kingdoms of Scotland and England were to be united into one kingdom called Great Britain. ... Article two provided for the Honoverian succession ..., and article three stated that the united kingdom of Great Britain was to be respresented by a single parliament, the parliament of Great Britain. »
↑ "After the political union of England and Scotland in 1707, the nation's official name became 'Great Britain'", The American Pageant, Volume 1, Cengage Learning (2012)
↑ "From 1707 until 1801 Great Britain was the official designation of the kingdoms of England and Scotland". The Standard Reference Work: For the Home, School and Library, Volume 3, Harold Melvin Stanford (1921)
↑ "In 1707, on the union with Scotland, 'Great Britain' became the official name of the British Kingdom, and so continued until the union with Ireland in 1801". United States Congressional serial set, Issue 10; Issue 3265 (1895)
↑ Scottish referendum: 50 fascinating facts you should know about Scotland www.telegraph.co.uk, 11 January 2012: "Scotland has been part of the United Kingdom for more than three hundred years"
↑ (en-GB) « BBC - History - British History in depth: Acts of Union: The creation of the United Kingdom », sur www.bbc.co.uk (consulté le 15 juin 2021)
↑ Acts of Union 1707 parliament.uk, accessed 31 December 2010
↑ England – Profile BBC, 10 February 2011
↑ Scottish referendum: 50 fascinating facts you should know about Scotland (see fact 27) www.telegraph.co.uk, 11 January 2012
↑ Uniting the kingdom? nationalarchives.gov.uk, accessed 31 December 2010
↑ The Union of the Parliaments 1707 Learning and Teaching Scotland, accessed 2 September 2010
↑ The Creation of the United Kingdom of Great britain in 1707 Historical Association, accessed 30 January 2011
↑ (en) « Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746 », sur legislation.gov.uk, 1746 : « An Act for taking away and abolishing the Heretable Jurisdictions in Scotland; and for making Satisfaction to the Proprietors thereof; and for restoring such Jurisdictions to the Crown; and for making more effectual Provision for the Administration of Justice throughout that Part of the United Kingdom, by the King’s Courts and Judges there; . . . and for rendering the Union of the Two Kingdoms more complete. »
↑ (en) « Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746 », sur legislation.gov.uk, 1765 : « WHEREAS a practice has prevailed in . . Scotland, of issuing notes, commonly called bank notes, for sums of money payable to the bearer on demand, or, in the option of the issuer or granter, payable at the end of six months, with a sum equal to the legal interest, from the demand to that time: And whereas notes, with such option as aforesaid have been and are circulated in that part of the United Kingdom to a great extent, and do pass, from hand to hand, as specie, whereby great inconveniences have arisen: ... »
↑ (en) « Scottish Episcopalians Act 1711 », sur legislation.gov.uk, 1711 : « And whereas since the Establishment of the Presbyterian Government in Scotland some Laws have been made by the Parliament in Scotland against the Episcopal Clergy of that Part of the United Kingdom and particularly an Act passed in the Parliament held in the Year One thousand six hundred ninety five ... »
↑ (en) Bamber Gascoigne, « History of Great Britain (from 1707) », History World (consulté le 18 juillet 2011)
↑ Burns 2009, p. xxi

Annexes

Bibliographie

(en) William E. Burns, Brief History of Great Britain, Infobase Publishing, 2009, 296 p. (ISBN 978-1-4381-2737-8, lire en ligne).

Articles connexes

[1] Reine d'Angleterre et d'Écosse de 1702 à 1707.

[2] Roi du Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande de 1801 à sa mort en 1820.

[3] (en) Richard Bradley, « The Offshore Islands », dans The Prehistory of Britain and Ireland, Cambridge University Press, coll. « Cambridge World Archaeology », 2019, 2^e éd. (1^re éd. 2007) (ISBN 978-1-108-41992-5, lire en ligne), p. 1–29

[4] François-Gille-Pierre Manet, Histoire de la petite Bretagne ou Bretagne armorique (1934), p. 74

[:0-5] {a et b} Sources :
(en) « The Treaty (act) of the Union of Parliament 1706 », Scots History Online (consulté le 18 juillet 2011) : « That the Succession to the Monarchy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and of the Dominions thereunto belonging after Her Most Sacred Majesty, and in default of Issue of Her Majesty be, remain and continue to the Most Excellent Princess Sophia Electoress and Dutchess Dowager of Hanover, and the Heirs of Her body, being Protestants, ... "That the United Kingdom of Great Britain be Represented by one and the same Parliament, to be stiled the Parliament of Great Britain. »
(en) « Union with England Act 1707 », The national Archives (consulté le 18 juillet 2011)
(en) « Union with Scotland Act 1706 » (consulté le 18 juillet 2011):
Both Acts and the Treaty state in Article I: That the Two Kingdoms of Scotland and England, shall upon 1 May next ensuing the date hereof, and forever after, be United into One Kingdom by the Name of GREAT BRITAIN.

[6] (en) Jørgen Sevaldsen et Jens Rahbek Rasmussen, The State of the Union: Scotland, 1707-2007, Museum Tusculanum Press, 2007 (ISBN 978-87-635-0702-8, lire en ligne) :
« Article one stated that the two kingdoms of Scotland and England were to be united into one kingdom called Great Britain. ... Article two provided for the Honoverian succession ..., and article three stated that the united kingdom of Great Britain was to be respresented by a single parliament, the parliament of Great Britain. »

[name-7] "After the political union of England and Scotland in 1707, the nation's official name became 'Great Britain'", The American Pageant, Volume 1, Cengage Learning (2012)

[name2-8] "From 1707 until 1801 Great Britain was the official designation of the kingdoms of England and Scotland". The Standard Reference Work: For the Home, School and Library, Volume 3, Harold Melvin Stanford (1921)

[name3-9] "In 1707, on the union with Scotland, 'Great Britain' became the official name of the British Kingdom, and so continued until the union with Ireland in 1801". United States Congressional serial set, Issue 10; Issue 3265 (1895)

[10] Scottish referendum: 50 fascinating facts you should know about Scotland www.telegraph.co.uk, 11 January 2012: "Scotland has been part of the United Kingdom for more than three hundred years"

[11] (en-GB) « BBC - History - British History in depth: Acts of Union: The creation of the United Kingdom », sur www.bbc.co.uk (consulté le 15 juin 2021)

[12] Acts of Union 1707 parliament.uk, accessed 31 December 2010

[13] England – Profile BBC, 10 February 2011

[14] Scottish referendum: 50 fascinating facts you should know about Scotland (see fact 27) www.telegraph.co.uk, 11 January 2012

[15] Uniting the kingdom? nationalarchives.gov.uk, accessed 31 December 2010

[16] The Union of the Parliaments 1707 Learning and Teaching Scotland, accessed 2 September 2010

[17] The Creation of the United Kingdom of Great britain in 1707 Historical Association, accessed 30 January 2011

[18] (en) « Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746 », sur legislation.gov.uk, 1746 : « An Act for taking away and abolishing the Heretable Jurisdictions in Scotland; and for making Satisfaction to the Proprietors thereof; and for restoring such Jurisdictions to the Crown; and for making more effectual Provision for the Administration of Justice throughout that Part of the United Kingdom, by the King’s Courts and Judges there; . . . and for rendering the Union of the Two Kingdoms more complete. »

[19] (en) « Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746 », sur legislation.gov.uk, 1765 : « WHEREAS a practice has prevailed in . . Scotland, of issuing notes, commonly called bank notes, for sums of money payable to the bearer on demand, or, in the option of the issuer or granter, payable at the end of six months, with a sum equal to the legal interest, from the demand to that time: And whereas notes, with such option as aforesaid have been and are circulated in that part of the United Kingdom to a great extent, and do pass, from hand to hand, as specie, whereby great inconveniences have arisen: ... »

[20] (en) « Scottish Episcopalians Act 1711 », sur legislation.gov.uk, 1711 : « And whereas since the Establishment of the Presbyterian Government in Scotland some Laws have been made by the Parliament in Scotland against the Episcopal Clergy of that Part of the United Kingdom and particularly an Act passed in the Parliament held in the Year One thousand six hundred ninety five ... »

[21] (en) Bamber Gascoigne, « History of Great Britain (from 1707) », History World (consulté le 18 juillet 2011)

[22] Burns 2009, p. xxi

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