Suède

{{)}} est un pays d'Europe du Nord et de Scandinavie. Sa capitale est [[All perfect praise be to Allaah, The Lord of the Worlds. I testify that there is none worthy of worship except Allaah, and that Muhammad sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) is His slave and Messenger.

Perhaps the questioner intends the following verse (which means): {And it is He Who has let free the two seas (kinds of water): this is palatable and sweet, and that is salt and bitter; and He has set a barrier and a complete partition between them.} [Quran 25:53] The meaning of this verse is that Allaah The Almighty, with His Power and Strength has set the two seas close and adjacent to each other so that they collide with one another, yet they do not combine. The water of one is palatable, sweet and fresh and quenches thirst, while the other is salt and with a strong concentration of saltiness, making it almost bitter. Allaah The Almighty has set a barrier between them, with His might so that one body of water does not mix or overtake the other, enabling a complete partition and avoiding any blending between them.

Furthermore, there are many verses mentioned in the Quran that are relevant to this discussion, such as, when Allaah The Almighty Says (what means):

{Is not He (better than your gods) Who has made the earth as a fixed abode, and has placed rivers in its midst, and has placed firm mountains therein, and has set a barrier between the two seas (of salt and sweet water)? Is there any Ilah (god) with Allaah? Nay, but most of them know not!} [Quran 27:61] {He has let loose the two seas (the salt and fresh water) meeting together. Between them is a barrier which none of them can transgress.} [Quran 55:19-20] However, the reality is that these verses and others similar to them clearly show us the might, ability and power of Allaah The Almighty in this Universe, and are from the miracles of the Holy Quran, and are facts, which clarify the Prophethood of the trustworthy Prophet Muhammad sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ).

There have been many investigations about this matter by Muslim scholars, including Shaykh Abdul Majeed az-Zindani and Dr. Tariq al-Suwaidaan. Dr.Tariq al-Suwaidaan mentions in a speech about the miracles of the Holy Quran that this matter was kept undisclosed (i.e. the barrier between the two seas), with people being unaware of the truth about its purpose, until the year 1873 C.E. Thereafter, an English expedition by the name 'Challenger', was able to investigate the structural molecules of the two types of water and found that there were lines separating the two seas that could not be recognized by the naked eye. They also discovered that if you took a sample from both types of water and analyzed it, you would find differences in the structures, salt concentration and density. Furthermore, they even found differences in the marine life of the two seas, without the presence of a visible barrier. Hence, it is not an imaginary partition or a fanciful myth as some say; it is a reality.

However, the question remains: How can the two seas not blend and combine with each other while they are constantly moving and colliding with one another and waves and tides are rising from either side? Surprisingly this invisible barrier extends from the top of the sea to the bottom, constantly moving alongside the waves and tides avoiding any mixture between them. In 1984, researchers led by Dr. Muhammad Ibrahim, from the University of Qatar, conducted experiments and came up with the conclusion that the barrier was even clearer in the region between the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman.

Who taught this to Prophet Muhammad sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) a person who had never sailed across seas? Who spoke about this isthmus in the Holy Quran, and the barrier that cannot be seen by the naked eye? Indeed, it is Allaah, the One, Who Says (what means): {We will show them Our Signs in the universe, and in their own selves, until it becomes]], ses citoyens sont les Suédois et Suédoises et sa langue officielle et majoritaire est le suédois. Le finnois et le sami sont aussi parlés, principalement dans le nord du pays. Les variations régionales sont fréquentes.

La Suède a une frontière avec la Norvège à l'ouest-nord-ouest et une autre avec la Finlande au nord-nord-est. Au sud, la Suède est séparée du Danemark par l'Øresund, un détroit du Cattégat dont la section la plus étroite mesure 4 km de large. La partie septentrionale de la Suède est occupée par la Laponie, appelée Sápmi par ses habitants, les Samis, qui furent les premiers habitants du nord de la Scandinavie.

Occupant un territoire d'une superficie de 449 964 km², la Suède est le cinquième plus grand pays d'Europe après l'Espagne, l'Ukraine, la France et la Russie. La Suède possède une faible densité de population, sauf dans les zones urbaines (1,5 % du territoire), où vit 87 % de la population (1 437 personnes par kilomètre carré). La sauvegarde de l'environnement et l'enjeu des énergies renouvelables sont généralement la priorité des personnalités politiques, ainsi que d'une grande partie de la population. En 2014, le Global Green Economy Index classe la Suède premier pays le plus écologique au monde.

La Suède est depuis longtemps un grand exportateur de fer, de cuivre et de bois. L'industrialisation, qui a commencé dans les années 1890, a permis à la Suède de se développer, et d'obtenir constamment de nos jours une bonne place dans les classements

La Suède moderne est issue de l'Union de Kalmar, créée en 1397. Le pays fut unifié au XVI^e siècle par le roi Gustav Vasa. Au XVII^e siècle, la Suède conquiert de nouveaux territoires et forme un empire colonial. All perfect praise be to Allaah, The Lord of the Worlds. I testify that there is none worthy of worship except Allaah, and that Muhammad sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) is His slave and Messenger.

Perhaps the questioner intends the following verse (which means): {And it is He Who has let free the two seas (kinds of water): this is palatable and sweet, and that is salt and bitter; and He has set a barrier and a complete partition between them.} [Quran 25:53] The All perfect praise be to Allaah, The Lord of the Worlds. I testify that there is none worthy of worship except Allaah, and that Muhammad sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) is His slave and Messenger.

Perhaps the questioner intends the following verse (which means): {And it is He Who has let free the two seas (kinds of water): this is palatable and sweet, and that is salt and bitter; and He has set a barrier and a complete partition between them.} [Quran 25:53] The meaning of this verse is that Allaah The Almighty, with His Power and Strength has set the two seas close and adjacent to each other so that they collide with one another, yet they do not combine. The water of one is palatable, sweet and fresh and quenches thirst, while the other is salt and with a strong concentration of saltiness, making it almost bitter. Allaah The Almighty has set a barrier between them, with His might so that one body of water does not mix or overtake the other, enabling a complete partition and avoiding any blending between them.

Furthermore, there are many verses mentioned in the Quran that are relevant to this discussion, such as, when Allaah The Almighty Says (what means):

{Is not He (better than your gods) Who has made the earth as a fixed abode, and has placed rivers in its midst, and has placed firm mountains therein, and has set a barrier between the two seas (of salt and sweet water)? Is there any Ilah (god) with Allaah? Nay, but most of them know not!} [Quran 27:61] {He has let loose the two seas (the salt and fresh water) meeting together. Between them is a barrier which none of them can transgress.} [Quran 55:19-20] However, the reality is that these verses and others similar to them clearly show us the might, ability and power of Allaah The Almighty in this Universe, and are from the miracles of the Holy Quran, and are facts, which clarify the Prophethood of the trustworthy Prophet Muhammad sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ).

There have been many investigations about this matter by Muslim scholars, including Shaykh Abdul Majeed az-Zindani and Dr. Tariq al-Suwaidaan. Dr.Tariq al-Suwaidaan mentions in a speech about the miracles of the Holy Quran that this matter was kept undisclosed (i.e. the barrier between the two seas), with people being unaware of the truth about its purpose, until the year 1873 C.E. Thereafter, an English expedition by the name 'Challenger', was able to investigate the structural molecules of the two types of water and found that there were lines separating the two seas that could not be recognized by the naked eye. They also discovered that if you took a sample from both types of water and analyzed it, you would find differences in the structures, salt concentration and density. Furthermore, they even found differences in the marine life of the two seas, without the presence of a visible barrier. Hence, it is not an imaginary partition or a fanciful myth as some say; it is a reality.

However, the question remains: How can the two seas not blend and combine with each other while they are constantly moving and colliding with one another and waves and tides are rising from either side? Surprisingly this invisible barrier extends from the top of the sea to the bottom, constantly moving alongside the waves and tides avoiding any mixture between them. In 1984, researchers led by Dr. Muhammad Ibrahim, from the University of Qatar, conducted experiments and came up with the conclusion that the barrier was even clearer in the region between the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman.

Who taught this to Prophet Muhammad sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) a person who had never sailed across seas? Who spoke about this isthmus in the Holy Quran, and the barrier that cannot be seen by the naked eye? Indeed, it is Allaah, the One, Who Says (what means): {We will show them Our Signs in the universe, and in their own selves, until it becomesyour gods) Who has made the earth as a fixed abode, and has placed rivers in its midst, and has placed firm mountains therein, and has set a barrier All perfect praise be to Allaah, The Lord of the Worlds. I testify that there is none worthy of worship except Allaah, and that Muhammad sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) is His slave and Messenger.

Perhaps the questioner intends the following verse (which means): {And it is He Who has let free the two seas (kinds of water): this is palatable and sweet, and that is salt and bitter; and He has set a barrier and a complete partition between them.} [Quran 25:53] The meaning of this verse is that Allaah The Almighty, with His Power and Strength has set the two seas close and adjacent to each other so that they collide with one another, yet they do not combine. The water of one is palatable, sweet and fresh and quenches thirst, while the other is salt and with a strong concentration of saltiness, making it almost bitter. Allaah The Almighty has set a barrier between them, with His might so that one body of water does not mix or overtake the other, enabling a complete partition and avoiding any blending between them.

Furthermore, there are many verses mentioned in the Quran that are relevant to this discussion, such as, when Allaah The Almighty Says (what means):

{Is not He (better than your gods) Who has made the earth as a fixed abode, and has placed rivers in its midst, and has placed firm mountains therein, and has set a barrier between the two seas (of salt and sweet water)? Is there any Ilah (god) with Allaah? Nay, but most of them know not!} [Quran 27:61] {He has let loose the two seas (the salt and fresh water) meeting together. Between them is a barrier which none of them can transgress.} [Quran 55:19-20] However, the reality is that these verses and others similar to them clearly show us the might, ability and power of Allaah The Almighty in this Universe, and are from the miracles of the Holy Quran, and are facts, which clarify the Prophethood of the trustworthy Prophet Muhammad sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ).

There have been many investigations about this matter by Muslim scholars, including Shaykh Abdul Majeed az-Zindani and Dr. Tariq al-Suwaidaan. Dr.Tariq al-Suwaidaan mentions in a speech about the miracles of the Holy Quran that this matter was kept undisclosed (i.e. the barrier between the two seas), with people being unaware of the truth about its purpose, until the year 1873 C.E. Thereafter, an English expedition by the name 'Challenger', was able to investigate the structural molecules of the two types of water and found that there were lines separating the two seas that could not be recognized by the naked eye. They also discovered that if you took a sample from both types of water and analyzed it, you would find differences in the structures, salt concentration and density. Furthermore, they even found differences in the marine life of the two seas, without the presence of a visible barrier. Hence, it is not an imaginary partition or a fanciful myth as some say; it is a reality.

However, the question remains: How can the two seas not blend and combine with each other while they are constantly moving and colliding with one another and waves and tides are rising from either side? Surprisingly this invisible barrier extends from the top of the sea to the bottom, constantly moving alongside the waves and tides avoiding any mixture between them. In 1984, researchers led by Dr. Muhammad Ibrahim, from the University of Qatar, conducted experiments and came up with the conclusion that the barrier was even clearer in the region between the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman.

Who taught this to Prophet Muhammad sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) a person who had never sailed across seas? Who spoke about this isthmus in the Holy Quran, and the barrier that cannot be seen by the naked eye? Indeed, it is Allaah, the One, Who Says (what means): {We will show them Our Signs in the universe, and in their own selves, until it becomes the two seas (of salt and sweet water)? Is there any Ilah (god) with Allaah? Nay, but most of them know not!} [Quran 27:61] {He has let loose the two seas (the salt and fresh water) meeting together. Between them is a barrier which none of them can transgress.} [Quran 55:19-20] However, the reality is that these verses and others similar to them clearly show us the might, ability and power of Allaah The Almighty in this Universe, and are from the miracles of the Holy Quran, and are facts, which clarify the Prophethood of the trustworthy Prophet Muhammad sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ).

There have been many investigations about this matter by Muslim scholars, including Shaykh Abdul Majeed az-Zindani and Dr. Tariq al-Suwaidaan. Dr.Tariq al-Suwaidaan mentions in a speech about the miracles of the Holy Quran that this matter was kept undisclosed (i.e. the barrier between the two seas), with people being unaware of the truth about its purpose, until the year 1873 C.E. Thereafter, an English expedition by the name 'Challenger', was able to investigate the structural molecules of the two types of water and found that there were lines separating the two seas that could not be recognized by the naked eye. They also discovered that if you took a sample from both types of water and analyzed it, you would find differences in the structures, salt concentration and density. Furthermore, they even found differences in the marine life of the two seas, without the presence of a visible barrier. Hence, it is not an imaginary partition or a fanciful myth as some say; it is a reality.

However, the question remains: How can the two seas not blend and combine with each other while they are constantly moving and colliding with one another and waves and tides are rising from either side? Surprisingly this invisible barrier extends from the top of the sea to the bottom, constantly moving alongside the waves and tides avoiding any mixture between them. In 1984, researchers led by Dr. Muhammad Ibrahim, from the University of Qatar, conducted experiments and came up with the conclusion that the barrier was even clearer in the region between the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman.

Who taught this to Prophet Muhammad sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) a person who had never sailed across seas? Who spoke about this isthmus in the Holy Quran, and the barrier that cannot be seen by the naked eye? Indeed, it is Allaah, the One, Who Says (what means): {We will show them Our Signs in the universe, and in their own selves, until it becomes, la majeure partie de ces territoires devra être abandonnée au XVIII^e siècle. Au début du XIX^e siècle, la Finlande et d'autres territoires sont perdus. Après sa dernière guerre en 1814, la Suède connaît la paix, adoptant une politique de non-alignement en temps de paix et de neutralité en temps de guerre. Ce statut prend fin lors du dépôt de sa candidature auprès de l'OTAN à la suite de l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie en 2022. La Suède fait partie de l'Union européenne depuis 1995, mais pas de la zone euro.

Selon l'indice de démocratie du groupe de presse britannique The Economist Group, la Suède est un des pays les plus démocratiques au monde (premier en 2008, troisième en 2017 derrière la Norvège et l'Islande). De plus, le 31 décembre 2010, elle reçoit le prix de l'Excellence 2010 (pays le plus réputé). En 2022, la Suède est classée en 3^e position pour l'indice mondial de l'innovation.

Géographie

Carte de la Suède.

La Suède est le cinquième pays d'Europe en superficie (450 000 km²), après la Russie, l'Ukraine, la France et l'Espagne.

Malgré sa latitude septentrionale, la Suède jouit d'un climat plutôt tempéré, notamment grâce au Gulf Stream qui réchauffe ses côtes méridionales.

C'est un pays de l'Europe du Nord, tout en longueur et qui s'étend de Smygehuk (point le plus méridional) à Treriksröset (au nord), point de rencontre de la Norvège, de la Suède et de la Finlande. Le pays possède une importante façade maritime sur la mer Baltique à l'est-sud-est, le Cattégat au sud-sud-ouest et le Skagerrak au sud-ouest.

Plus de la moitié du territoire est couvert de forêts de conifères, et les lacs sont nombreux.

Localisation

La Suède est un pays scandinave qui se situe entre la Norvège et la Finlande.

Géologie

Le long du golfe de Botnie se trouve la région de « la côte haute » Höga Kusten qui se soulève chaque année de plus de 8 mm. Ce rebond isostatique est dû à l'enfoncement du sol sous le poids d'une couche de glace épaisse de plus de trois kilomètres pendant la dernière période glaciaire. Depuis la fonte des glaces, le sol s'est élevé de 800 m. À 286 m d'altitude se trouve la ligne côtière la plus élevée formée après la dernière glaciation.

Topographie et hydrologie

La montagne Akka en Laponie.

La Suède est bordée par le golfe de Botnie à l'est-nord-est et la mer Baltique au sud-sud-est: ce littoral très allongé contribue à adoucir encore le climat. À l’ouest-nord-ouest, le pays est séparé de la Norvège par les Alpes scandinaves.

Le pays est très riche en lacs dont certains, comme le Vänern et le Vättern, sont parmi les plus grands d'Europe.

Gotland et Öland, dans la mer Baltique, sont les deux plus grandes îles de Suède et forment chacune une province historique propre. Les côtes suédoises sont assez entrecoupées avec un très grand nombre de petits golfes (des fjärdar) et de nombreux îlots qui forment souvent des archipels, comme ceux de Stockholm et de Göteborg.

Climat

La Suède jouit d’un climat relativement tempéré en dépit de sa situation septentrionale, du fait de l’action du Gulf Stream. Dans le sud du pays, les feuillus peuvent se trouver en abondance, contrairement au nord, où les résineux dominent le paysage. Dans la partie du pays se situant au nord du cercle polaire arctique, le soleil ne se couche jamais en été, et l’hiver n’est qu’une nuit sans fin : le soleil ne se lève pas, mais il y a assez de lumière pour voir clair quelques heures (cela varie selon les endroits).

Environnement

En 2014, le Global Green Economy Index classe la Suède pays le plus écologique au monde.

En 2015, l'organisation Global Footprint Network indique que la Suède est un des 57 pays (sur 181) préservant ses ressources (réserve en biocapacité positive), notamment grâce à sa capacité forestière qui compense largement son empreinte carbone.

La Suède est frappée en 2018 par des épisodes de canicules et de sécheresses parmi les pires de son histoire. L'été est ainsi le plus chaud jamais observé depuis le début des enregistrements en 1756. En conséquence, les récoltes agricoles ont lourdement chuté et le pays, jusqu'alors exportateur de céréales, a dû en importer.

Géographie humaine

Paysage agricole avec dolmen près de Falköping.

Archipel suédois à Arkösund (en) en Östergötland.

Le Sud a une vocation agricole très nette, et la surface occupée par la forêt augmente au fur et à mesure que l’on progresse vers le nord. La densité de population est également supérieure au sud, notamment dans la vallée du lac Mälar, dans la région de l’Øresund et tout le long de la côte ouest, même si le sud-est du pays forme aussi une région à relativement faible densité.

Histoire

Maisons traditionnelles suédoises en bois à Västerås.

Préhistoire

Des découvertes archéologiques prouvent que le territoire suédois a été colonisé au cours de l'âge de la pierre, lorsque les terres émergent de la glace accumulée pendant l’ère glaciaire. Les premiers habitants vivent de chasse, de cueillette, et surtout des ressources que leur offre la future mer Baltique.

Le territoire suédois semble avoir connu une forte densité de population pendant l'âge du bronze, les traces de communautés élargies et prospères ayant été mises en évidence. La fin de l'âge du bronze ancien (environ 1200 av. J.-C.) est marquée par l'intensification de l'agriculture. Ainsi, le sud de la Suède connaît une ouverture du paysage forestier et la création de vastes prairies.

La toute première mention écrite de l’existence du peuple suédois (Suiones en latin) est faite par Tacite en l'an 98. Ils sont aussi mentionnés par Jordanès au VI^e siècle, sous les noms de Suehans ou Suetidi. L'épopée anglo-saxonne Beowulf décrit des batailles entre les Suédois et les Goths de Scandinavie (Geats) durant cette époque, qui se soldèrent par la prédominance des Suédois (Sweonas).

Moyen Âge

Au cours des IX^e et X^e siècles, la culture viking s’épanouit dans toute la Scandinavie grâce au commerce, aux pillages et aux mouvements de colonisation vers l’est (pays baltes, Russie et mer Noire).

Le mouvement de christianisation, aux XI^e et XII^e siècles, se traduit notamment par la création de l’archevêché d’Uppsala en 1164. Il facilite la consolidation d’un État suédois centré sur les bords de la mer Baltique : en 1250, la dynastie des Folkung accède au pouvoir et établit sa capitale à Stockholm.

Néanmoins, tout comme dans les nouveaux États de Norvège et du Danemark, une grave crise survient au XIV^e siècle, aggravée par la peste noire. Malgré ces difficultés, les